Original article
Tarnia Riggs LinkedIn:
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References:
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StakeholderMap.com 2023, Engaging Stakeholders – A Strategy for Stakeholder Engagement, viewed 18 February 2023, https://www.stakeholdermap.com/stakeholder-engagement.html
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An effective stakeholder engagement professional is like the snow-clearing locomotive at the front of a train. Long before passengers arrive at their destination, someone must identify obstacles, navigate uncertainty and clear the path ahead. When stakeholder engagement is done well, most people never see the work happening behind the scenes. They simply see a project moving forward safely, efficiently and with community support.
In many ways, stakeholder engagement is about creating momentum. It is the process of identifying risks before they become issues, building trust before it is needed, and creating the conditions for projects to progress with confidence. Like the locomotive clearing deep snow from the tracks, effective engagement helps remove barriers, reduce conflict and keep projects moving toward successful outcomes.
In 2026, stakeholder engagement sits at the intersection of social responsibility, digital transformation, and community resilience. From renewable energy zones to major infrastructure and urban renewal, engagement is no longer a “soft skill” or a box-ticking exercise — it’s the foundation for achieving trust, social licence, and shared success.
What Is Stakeholder Engagement — Really?
At its core, stakeholder engagement is about people.
Stakeholders are anyone who has, or feels they have, an interest in or can affect (or be affected by) a project or decision. Effective engagement identifies these individuals and groups, understands their perspectives, and builds authentic relationships that influence outcomes.
The Project Management Institute (2021) defines stakeholder engagement as “the process of identifying and analysing stakeholders’ interests, influence, and potential impact on project success.”
In the modern context, engagement goes far beyond communication — it’s about collaboration, empathy, and shared accountability.
Effective stakeholder management is the most essential ingredient for successful project delivery. They are often regarded as a fringe activity or one that can be outsourced to business-as-usual functions. Project managers depend on people to respond to the outputs and benefits they deliver. People will only respond if they are engaged. The phrase “stakeholder management” implies that these people can be made to respond positively to a project. Still, a project manager often lacks formal power or authority and therefore must rely on engagement to achieve their objectives.
Projects are influenced by numerous factors, both external and internal. It is important to recognise these factors and evaluate how they would impact the project across all phases. Attentively, Lester (2014) cited that ‘…. these external and internal influences are known as the project context or project environment’. The internal influences include the project team, subcontractors, the ministers, shareholders, organisation management, and internal departments. At the same time, the external factors are clients or customers, suppliers, contractors, external consultants, competitors, public utilities, end-users, pressure groups, and the public stakeholders (Lester, 2014). (Stakeholders can vary, being internal or external, depending upon the project set-up)
Finding a definitive definition of the term ” stakeholder engagement ” isn’t straightforward. Various explanations are available, driven by particular schools of thought or philosophies on organisational performance, change and sustainability. View a larger image of the stakeholder engagement model. Some definitions see Stakeholder Engagement as a process with the end goal being the organisation’s success or an initiative/project. Stakeholder Engagement is the process by which an organisation involves relevant stakeholders to achieve agreed-upon outcomes. Source: Engaging Stakeholders – A strategy for Stakeholder Engagement https://www.stakeholdermap.com/stakeholder-engagement.html
When done well, Stakeholder Engagement drives clarity, builds trust, and enables long-term success.
The benefits of Engagement include:
The risks of not engaging:
In short, engagement, when done well, makes everything work better. Ignoring engagement makes everything more complicated.
Modern engagement is grounded in empathy. The ability to listen — genuinely, deeply, and without pre-judgment — is one of the most critical professional skills in this field.
As Stephen Covey wrote, “Seek first to understand, then to be understood.”
Behind every stakeholder is a human being — with lived experiences, personal values, and emotional investment. Whether a farmer near a transmission line or a local parent near a new school, engagement professionals must approach each conversation with emotional intelligence, curiosity, and respect.
The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and Association for Project Management (APM) developed the “10 Key Principles of Stakeholder Engagement” — a framework that remains timeless but continues to evolve.
Here’s how these principles translate in 2026:
AI is not just supporting engagement — it is shaping it. Advanced analytics now enable predictive stakeholder mapping, real-time sentiment tracking, and scenario testing before decisions are made. However, while AI enhances insight, it cannot replace trust. Human judgment, cultural awareness, and emotional intelligence remain at the core of meaningful engagement.
The digital age has revolutionised engagement. Platforms like Social Pinpoint, EngagementHQ, Miro, and ArcGIS StoryMaps are enabling new ways to visualise projects, gather feedback, and connect with diverse communities.
Modern CRM and data systems now integrate:
This isn’t about replacing human contact — it’s about using technology to enhance transparency and reach.
Social licence is no longer a ‘nice to have’ — it is a measurable risk factor influencing approvals, funding, and project viability. In 2026, engagement and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) performance are closely linked. Investors, regulators, and communities all expect visible accountability.
The Infrastructure Australia Community Engagement Framework emphasises the “social licence to operate” — the unwritten permission granted by the public when they believe a project is responsible, transparent, and aligned with community benefit.
Social licence can’t be bought; it’s earned — through transparency, early involvement, and respect.
Engagement professionals are increasingly operating in high-pressure, fast-moving environments where timelines are compressed, scrutiny is high, and stakeholder expectations are immediate.
Success in this context requires:
In this environment, experience matters — not just strategy, but the ability to execute in real time.
Meaningful engagement is inclusive by design. It recognises diversity, acknowledges barriers, and works to overcome them.
Key considerations:
Engagement isn’t equitable until everyone has the ability to participate — especially those most affected by change.
Creating a Stakeholder Engagement Plan is a component of the project management plan that identifies the strategies and actions required to promote the productive involvement of stakeholders in a project or program’s decision-making and execution.
The International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) identifies five levels of engagement:
Level Purpose Typical Methods Inform
Provide balanced information: Fact sheets, media releases, websites
Consult, obtain feedback, surveys, forums, focus groups
Involve Work directly with community Workshops, co-design sessions
Collaborate with partners in each stage, Steering committees, and partnerships
Empower Place decision-making in hands of the public. Referendums, citizen juries, shared governance
Selecting the right level for each stakeholder ensures realistic expectations and authentic collaboration.
Source: Engaging Stakeholders – A strategy for Stakeholder Engagement https://www.stakeholdermap.com/stakeholder-engagement.html#ment
Community and stakeholder engagement works best when it is an ongoing, cumulative process that enables relationships and trust to build and strengthen over time. Individual engagement events should be planned and designed with this in mind and aim to contribute to the overall aims of the engagement process.
The following questions and issues will help plan and design community engagement:
Agreeing on a clear purpose will help identify engagement objectives and anticipated outcomes and help determine the engagement’s scope and depth. This can range from consultation to involvement in decision-making to community and voluntary groups delivering projects and services. Providing information about proposals, plans, or services is part of any communication plan to support engagement, but it is not community engagement. Often, communities need support to engage meaningfully.
Community stakeholders can participate in various ways and to different levels of influence in identifying needs, generating solutions, and planning new initiatives and service delivery.
Ensuring the project and engagement provide inclusiveness: Overcoming Barriers to Engagement
When planning an engagement process, you need to recognise diversity, identify potential barriers and design the process to minimise the obstacles where possible. How (not) to exclude? Provides a valuable resource.
Ensuring the hard-to-reach and vulnerable have a voice.
It is essential to consider at what stage of the engagement process you are and how each step or event contributes to the aims of the overall engagement – different forms of communication, information and engagement methods will be more appropriate depending on the stage of your engagement process.
Communication materials should be jargon-free and in plain English, available in accessible formats and provided in alternative language(s). Given the strong oral tradition in many communities, events where individuals can discuss the issues first-hand are invaluable. To maximise participation, communication materials should use clear examples or case studies that illustrate how the issue or proposed plan will likely affect different individuals and sections of society. Use existing community networks and communication channels to publicise events and identify opportunities to align on or host joint events for greater impact.
You should be clear and explicit about what you understand the limitations to be, such as time constraints, finances and resources available. Are some issues not up for discussion – for example, legislative framework, decisions are taken already, confidential information or available budgets and resources? Some of these stated limitations may be challenged, and you should be prepared to explain why they exist.
Risk in engagement isn’t only technical — it’s emotional, reputational, and social.
A systematic risk approach should now include:
Early, transparent engagement remains the best defence against risk.
Identifying Risks: Quantitative risk analysis is based on a more in-depth evaluation of a risk using facts and numbers, such as HAZOP, anticipated monetary value analysis, and Bayes theorem to calculate a number used to assess the risk’s overall conclusion (Ranashinghe 2022). Both analysis methods require repeating the technique to ensure that the solution to the risk yields the best possible outcome. However, qualitative and quantitative risk analyses have benefits and drawbacks. The risk management plan is usually based on the ISO 3100 Risk Management Principles standard. Without a risk management system and an understanding of forthcoming events, such a business would not exist, as it is highly improbable that nothing will occur. Risks will be managed and identified by analysing all risks, ranking them from high to low within the required timeframes, implementing a reporting system, and routinely updating the risk register. Our team assumes responsibility for all these tasks. By being cognizant of the following risk areas, a systematic risk management strategy reduces risks:
The initial risk analysis should include a risk register; For easier identification, the categorisation of risks into planning and approvals, resources, people, project objectives, financial economy, schedule, contracts, tenders and purchasing, technical, environmental, and operational. The risks identified and described are what can occur and how, along with their likelihood. Also, the analysis includes the level of action required and the controls and potential consequences. The level of risk ranking identifies the risks within the ranges, from extreme to high to moderate to low, depending on the severity of the risk and the impact it can have on the project, and what is causing it to exceed its budget, scope, and schedule.
A bowtie risk analysis is a qualitative methodology for assessing risks (Voicu et al., 2018). Furthermore, a bow-tie framework integrates a broad group of cause–consequence models, including fault and event tree models (Mokhtari et al., 2011). The following figure presents the bow-tie framework. Bow tie diagram arrangement (Mokhtari et al. 2011)
The Fishbone diagram, also known as the Ishikawa diagram, is a tool to analyse the causes and effects, or the risks, of an individual result. This tool helps identify the causes of risk issues, named after a quality-control statistician (Juran, 1999). This tool allows stakeholders to think effectively about the numerous causes of an event (effect) (Ilie & Ciocoiu, 2010).
The communications plan process diagram is based on information from NJDEP (2014). Reviewing and evaluating the two-way, ongoing, and continuous communication supports ongoing reviews. Identify and develop the communication team, including a representative of each regulatory agency, responsible party, property owner, and stakeholder group.
Risk identification of issues of most significant concern to communities can help shape and develop an effective communication plan.
Understanding the Risk = hazard + Outrage formula enables communities to understand impacted stakeholders’ perceptions, allows for more effective interaction, response time, and methods, and supports effective Outrage Management.
Recommendation for risk mitigation involves involving stakeholders early in decision-making to support better decisions and build trust through early engagement. Impacted stakeholders want to hear directly from the event organisers about concerns and potential hazards before learning about them through alternative channels (Chess et al. 1989; Hance, Chess, and Sandman 1991; NJDEP 2014 & NOAA 2020. Providing evaluation and review before, during and after the event/project.
Ensuring timely feedback and next steps
Participants at any stage of engagement should be informed of, or given the opportunity to shape, the following stages of the overall engagement process. In particular, information will be required on the following:
This will reinforce participation and encourage stakeholders to remain active as the engagement evolves. It is also important to communicate during feedback how stakeholder input has influenced, contributed to or improved the overall engagement outcomes.
Planning for flexibility is essential – the context may change, stakeholders may challenge the purpose of the process, question the scope of the objectives or the methodology or require more information, time or their own resources to co-design the process. The overriding consideration should be retaining and developing meaningful engagement with stakeholders. Sometimes the greatest restraint is the internal red tape that must be cut to deliver timely notifications.
Any engagement process must be evaluated on both an ongoing basis and post-completion. Evaluation will provide valuable feedback on the best methods for engaging with groups in a particular area or the most appropriate times or venues. These findings should inform your future engagement processes.
There are five levels of stakeholder engagement: informing, consulting, involving, collaborating, and empowering, according to the IAP2 Spectrum of Public Participation.
A stakeholder engagement strategy must evaluate which one is appropriate for each stakeholder. What is the difference? The difference lies in the level of engagement required to do each effectively and meet the expectations of every stakeholder.
After identifying, analysing, categorising and mapping stakeholders according to their influence and interest, you can determine which level of engagement is needed. Engagement aims to provide stakeholder or broader feedback on the policy proposal.
In engagement practice, clarity of intent is everything. The IAP2 Australasia Engagement Academy (formerly IAP2 training) — part of the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) — defines five levels of engagement that guide how organisations involve stakeholders and communities in decision-making.
Each level represents a different purpose, responsibility, and outcome in the engagement process:
1. INFORM Purpose: Provide balanced and objective information to assist understanding. Typical Methods: Fact sheets, newsletters, media releases, project websites.
2. CONSULT Purpose: Obtain public feedback on analysis, alternatives, and decisions. Typical Methods: Surveys, forums, focus groups, online comment forms.
3. INVOLVE Purpose: Work directly with stakeholders throughout the process to ensure their concerns and aspirations are consistently understood and considered. Typical Methods: Workshops, co-design sessions, reference or advisory groups.
4. COLLABORATE Purpose: Partner with stakeholders in each aspect of decision-making, including developing alternatives and identifying preferred solutions. Typical Methods: Steering committees, partnerships, collaborative governance frameworks.
5. EMPOWER Purpose: Place final decision-making in the hands of the public or stakeholder group. Typical Methods: Citizen juries, referendums, community-led design, shared governance models.
Selecting the right level of engagement for each stakeholder ensures realistic expectations, authentic collaboration, and shared ownership of project outcomes.
Engagement purposes that seek:
To provide the public with balanced and objective information to assist them in understanding the problem, alternatives, opportunities and/or
solutions. Low-Interest/low-Influence stakeholders are the group that needs to be at the minimum level of engagement. This level of engagement is used when interest and/or influence is low. Push information to them and keep them informed. Post relevant information for them to digest and that they know where to find it: (i.e. fact sheets, web pages, social media, etc.). At a minimum, a social media and a dedicated project page/website. The purpose of the relationship between engagement within informing is to share information, comply with the law, and manage reputational risk.
To obtain public feedback on analysis, alternatives and/or decisions. High-interest/low-influence stakeholders should be connected to everything you’re doing. We will keep you informed, listen to and acknowledge concerns and aspirations, and provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision.
This level of engagement is used when interest and/or influence is moderate. (i.e. public feedback periods, focus groups, etc.) Online discussion forums for these stakeholders if they have questions or need to respond to other issues discussed in the forum. This provides a path for ideation as you deal with important issues. Online surveys to gauge their reactions to changes in the projects as announced in the digital media. The responses they provide must be recorded and analysed.
The purpose of engagement within consulting is to identify problems or opportunities, comply with the law, understand reactions, and generate support.
To work directly with the public throughout the process to ensure that public concerns and aspirations are consistently understood and considered. We will work with you to ensure that your concerns and aspirations are directly reflected in the alternatives developed, and we will provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision. High-interest/low-influence stakeholders should be connected to everything you’re doing. We will keep you informed, listen to and acknowledge concerns and aspirations, and provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision.
This level of engagement includes Advertising, Blogs, Briefings, Co-design, Collaborative Governance, Community Education programs, Community Reference / Advisory / Liaison Groups, Community Visioning, Conversation cafes, Door knocking, Fairs and festivals.
The purpose of the relationship between engagement and involvement is to identify problems or opportunities, improve proposals, understand reactions, build relationships, manage reputational risk, solve problems, change behaviour and generate support.
Collaborating
To partner with the public in each aspect of the decision, including developing alternatives and identifying the preferred solution. We will look to you for advice and innovation in formulating solutions, and we will incorporate your recommendations into our decisions to the maximum extent possible. The collaboration process involves your project’s high-interest/high-influence stakeholders, and you must treat them as part of your team.
High-interest/high-influence stakeholders should be connected to everything you’re doing. We will keep you involved, listen to and acknowledge concerns and aspirations, and provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision.
The purpose of the relationship within a collaboration is to improve proposals, build relationships, manage reputational risk, solve problems, change behaviour, and generate support.
Empower
To place final decision-making in the hands of the public. We will implement what you decide. High-interest/high-influence stakeholders should be involved, listen to and acknowledge concerns and aspirations, and provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision.
The purpose of the relationship within a collaboration is to build relationships, manage reputational risk, solve problems, change behaviour, and generate support.
Stakeholder management tools must support and facilitate your communication based on the different levels of engagement your stakeholder groups require.
AI is increasingly assisting engagement professionals — not by replacing human connection, but by supporting it.
AI can:
But human oversight remains vital. AI can process data, but only humans can interpret emotion.
During my time leading communications and stakeholder engagement for major infrastructure projects — from energy to education — I’ve seen one universal truth:
People don’t resist change; they resist exclusion.
When communities feel informed, respected, and included early, even challenging projects can move forward with understanding and shared ownership.
Throughout my career, I have seen the value of early and meaningful engagement across a wide range of sectors. While every project is different, the underlying principles remain remarkably consistent.
During Melbourne Water’s Williamstown Sewer Rehabilitation Project, stakeholder engagement extended beyond construction impacts and service delivery. It involved understanding the local community’s connection to the area’s history, heritage and identity, and ensuring those stories were recognised throughout the project lifecycle.
During SA Health’s COVID-19 Vaccination Program, engagement took on a different form. Success depended on clear communication, behavioural change, community confidence and the ability to provide timely information in a rapidly changing environment. Trust became one of the most important project deliverables.
More recently, renewable energy and transmission projects have highlighted the growing importance of social licence. Communities increasingly expect transparency, genuine consultation and meaningful participation in decisions that affect them. Projects that invest in these relationships early are often better positioned to manage risk and build long-term support.
While the tools, technologies and industries may differ, the fundamentals remain the same: listen early, communicate clearly, build relationships and treat stakeholders as partners rather than obstacles.
Stakeholder engagement isn’t about selling ideas — it’s about creating shared value.
In an age defined by transformation and uncertainty, trust remains our greatest currency. Projects thrive when relationships come first, when communication is honest, and when collaboration replaces compliance.
I provide short-term and contract-based stakeholder engagement and communications support for projects requiring immediate capability — from strategy through to on-the-ground delivery.
Whether you’re delivering infrastructure, renewable energy, public health, government or community-focused projects, meaningful stakeholder engagement remains one of the most effective tools for building trust, managing risk and achieving successful outcomes.
The strongest projects are rarely those with the biggest budgets or the most sophisticated technical solutions. They are the projects that listen early, communicate openly and create genuine opportunities for participation.
This article combines industry frameworks, published guidance, and lessons learned from stakeholder engagement, communications, and project delivery roles across infrastructure, energy, water, public health, and government programs.
-Industry commentary and project reflections written by Tarnia Riggs.
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